English Grammar Rules

संज्ञा (Noun) – किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, स्थान, भाव या विचार के नाम को Noun कहते हैं।

5 Types of Nouns:

• Common Noun: जातिवाचक – boy, city, book
• Proper Noun: व्यक्तिवाचक – Ram, Delhi, Gita
• Collective Noun: समूहवाचक – team, flock, jury
• Abstract Noun: भाववाचक – honesty, childhood, sorrow
• Material Noun: द्रव्यवाचक – gold, water, wood

Important Rules:

• Rule 1: कुछ Nouns हमेशा Singular होते हैं – scenery, information, furniture, advice, luggage
• Rule 2: कुछ Nouns हमेशा Plural होते हैं – cattle, police, people, premises
• Rule 3: Collective Noun के साथ Verb Singular/Plural दोनों हो सकती है – यदि Group पर जोर हो तो Singular, सदस्यों पर जोर हो तो Plural

Pronoun – संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होने वाला शब्द।

Types of Pronouns:

• Personal: I, we, you, he, she, it, they
• Possessive: my, our, your, his, her, its, their
• Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves
• Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
• Indefinite: some, any, none, all, few, many, everyone
• Distributive: each, either, neither, every
• Relative: who, whom, whose, which, that
• Interrogative: who, whom, whose, which, what
• Reciprocal: each other, one another

Pronoun – Common Errors:

• Who vs Whom: Who → Subject; Whom → Object
• Its vs It's: Its → Possessive; It's → It is
• Their vs There: Their → Possessive; There → Place

Verb – क्रिया (Action) या अवस्था (State) को व्यक्त करता है।

Main Types:

• Transitive Verb: जिसका प्रभाव Object पर पड़े – She wrote a letter.
• Intransitive Verb: जिसका प्रभाव Object पर न पड़े – He slept.
• Auxiliary / Helping Verbs: is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, will, shall, can, may, must, etc.
• Finite Verb: Tense के अनुसार बदलता है – He goes to school.
• Non-Finite Verb: Infinitive, Gerund, Participle – He likes to read.

Tense – समय (Time) को दर्शाता है – Present, Past, Future (तीनों के 4-4 रूप)।

Important Rules:

• Rule 1: यदि समय (Time) दिया हो तो Simple Past का प्रयोग करें – I went to Delhi yesterday.
• Rule 2: यदि दो कार्य Past में हुए, तो पहले वाला Past Perfect, बाद वाला Simple Past – He had left before I arrived.
• Rule 3: ‘since’ और ‘for’ के साथ Perfect Continuous का प्रयोग – I have been studying since 8 AM.

Preposition – वह शब्द जो Noun/Pronoun का संबंध अन्य शब्दों से दिखाए।

Important Prepositions & Rules:

• In / At / On (Time):
  - In → Months, Years, Seasons – in January, in 2025
  - On → Days, Dates – on Monday, on 5th May
  - At → Exact Time – at 5 PM, at night
• In / At / On (Place):
  - In → enclosed space – in the room
  - On → surface – on the table
  - At → point – at the door
• Since / For:
  - Since → point of time – since 8 AM, since Monday
  - For → duration – for 2 hours, for 10 years
• Between / Among:
  - Between → two persons/things – between Ram and Shyam
  - Among → more than two – among friends
• Beside / Besides:
  - Beside → next to – beside the river
  - Besides → in addition to – besides English, he knows Hindi

Article – A, An, The (Determiners) – Noun के पहले आते हैं।

Definite Article: THE

• जब Noun पहले ही ज्ञात हो: – Give me the book.
• जब Adjective की Superlative Degree हो: – He is the best student.
• दिशाएँ (Directions): – to the east
• नदियाँ, सागर, पर्वत श्रृंखलाएँ: – the Ganga, the Himalayas
• समाचार पत्र, संगठन: – the Times of India, the UN

Indefinite Articles: A / An

• A → Consonant sound (व्यंजन ध्वनि) – a boy, a university, a European
• An → Vowel sound (स्वर ध्वनि) – an apple, an honest man, an hour

Active Voice: Subject करता है कार्य।
Passive Voice: Object पर कार्य होता है।

Formula:
Active: Subject + Verb + Object
Passive: Object + be (according to tense) + V3 + by + Subject

Important Rules:

• Rule 1: Intransitive Verbs का Passive नहीं बनता – He sleeps. (✔️ No Passive)
• Rule 2: जब Active में ‘let’ आए तो Passive में ‘let’ + Object + be + V3 – Let the work be done.
• Rule 3: ‘by’ की जगह ‘to/at/with’ भी आ सकता है – He is known to me.

Direct Speech: – किसी के कहे गए शब्दों को ज्यों-का-त्यों दिखाना।
Indirect Speech: – उसे अपने शब्दों में बताना।

Rules for changing Tense:

• Reporting Verb Past में हो → Reported Speech का Tense Past हो जाता है।
• Present Indefinite → Past Indefinite: “I write” → He said that he wrote.
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous: “I am writing” → He said that he was writing.
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect: “I have written” → He said that he had written.

Rules for changing Modals:

• Can → Could ; May → Might ; Will → Would ; Shall → Should
• Must → Had to / Must (if universal truth)

Conjunction – दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या वाक्यों को जोड़ने वाला शब्द।

Types of Conjunctions:

• Coordinating Conjunctions: FANBOYS – For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
• Subordinating Conjunctions: – Although, Because, Since, Unless, Until, While, Whereas, As soon as
• Correlative Conjunctions: – Either…or, Neither…nor, Both…and, Not only…but also

Important Rules:

• Rule 1: Neither…nor – Verb का Agreement निकटतम Subject के साथ – Neither Ram nor his friends are coming.
• Rule 2: Either…or – Verb का Agreement निकटतम Subject के साथ – Either Sita or her sisters are going.
• Rule 3: Not only…but also – दोनों तरफ समान संरचना – He is not only intelligent but also hardworking.
• Rule 4: As soon as के साथ Past Perfect का प्रयोग – As soon as he had arrived, the meeting started.

Modals (सहायक क्रियाएँ):

• Can / Could: Ability, Permission, Possibility – I can swim.
• May / Might: Possibility, Permission – It may rain today.
• Must: Necessity, Strong obligation – You must obey the rules.
• Should / Ought to: Advice, Moral duty – You should help the poor.
• Will / Shall: Future, Promise, Offer – I will help you.
• Used to: Past habit – He used to smoke.
• Need / Dare: Semi-modals – You need not go.

Conditional Sentences (If Clauses):

• Type 0 (Universal Truth): If + Present, Present – If you heat water, it boils.
• Type 1 (Possible Condition): If + Present, Future – If it rains, I will stay home.
• Type 2 (Unlikely Condition): If + Past, would + V1 – If I were a bird, I would fly.
• Type 3 (Impossible Past): If + Past Perfect, would have + V3 – If he had studied, he would have passed.

Error Detection – SSC में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण Topic। नीचे कुछ महत्वपूर्ण Rules:

Subject-Verb Agreement:

• ✔️ “Each of the boys is playing.” (❌ not ‘are’)
• ✔️ “Neither of them is coming.”
• ✔️ “The United States is a big country.” (Singular – एक देश)
• ✔️ “The police are on duty.” (Plural – हमेशा Plural)
• ✔️ “A number of students are absent.” (Plural – ‘a number of’ → Plural)
• ✔️ “The number of students is 500.” (Singular – ‘the number’ → Singular)

Tense Errors:

• ✔️ “I have seen him yesterday.” (❌ ‘have’ के साथ ‘yesterday’ नहीं) → “I saw him yesterday.”
• ✔️ “He is working here since 2010.” (❌) → “He has been working here since 2010.”
• ✔️ “If she will come, I will go.” (❌) → “If she comes, I will go.”

Preposition Errors:

• ✔️ “He is in the bed.” (❌) → “He is on the bed.”
• ✔️ “She is angry on me.” (❌) → “She is angry with me.”
• ✔️ “I am married with her.” (❌) → “I am married to her.”

Article Errors:

• ✔️ “He is a honest man.” (❌) → “He is an honest man.”
• ✔️ “We are going to the hospital.” (❌ – जब purpose हो) → “We are going to hospital.”
• ✔️ “The Sun rises in the east.” (✔️ – क्योंकि अनोखा है)

Subject-Verb Agreement – SSC में बहुत महत्वपूर्ण।

Key Rules:

• Rule 1: Each, Every, Either, Neither के साथ Singular Verb – Each student has a book.
• Rule 2: Either…or / Neither…nor – Verb, निकटतम Subject से मेल खाती है – Neither Ram nor his friends are here.
• Rule 3: With / together with / along with / as well as – इनके साथ मुख्य Subject से Verb मिलती है – He as well as his friends is going.
• Rule 4: Scenery, information, furniture, advice, luggage – ये हमेशा Singular – The furniture is new.
• Rule 5: People, cattle, police, clergy – ये हमेशा Plural – The police are on duty.
• Rule 6: A lot of / A number of – Plural (अगर Noun Plural हो) – A number of students are present.
• Rule 7: The number of – Singular – The number of students is 500.
• Rule 8: More than one – Singular – More than one student has come.

Degree of Comparison – तुलना करने के 3 रूप:

• Positive Degree: – She is as tall as her sister.
• Comparative Degree: – She is taller than her sister.
• Superlative Degree: – She is the tallest girl in the class.

Important Rules:

• Rule 1: Senior, Junior, Superior, Inferior, Prior – इनके साथ ‘to’ लगता है, ‘than’ नहीं – He is senior to me. (❌ not ‘than’)
• Rule 2: Less / Lesser – Less (Uncountable) – less water ; Fewer (Countable) – fewer students
• Rule 3: Double Comparative – दो Comparative एक साथ नहीं – He is more taller than me. (❌) → He is taller than me.
• Rule 4: Most / More – Most → Superlative ; More → Comparative